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One theory behind human bipedalism speculates that it originated in a mostly ground-based ancestor that practiced four-legged "knuckle-walking," like chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and eventually evolved into moving upright on two legs. But recently, researchers observed orangutans, another relative of humans, standing on two legs on tree branches and using their arms for balance while they reached for fruits. These observations may suggest that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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In their book Smart Pricing, Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musicians' use of the nontraditional "pay as you wish" pricing model. This model generally offers listeners the choice to pay more or less than a suggested price for a song or album--or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors note, that's the option most listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1% opted to pay for the album, resulting in earnings below the band's expectations. But the authors also discuss musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her "pay as you wish" online music store as a result of many listeners choosing to pay more than the store's suggested prices. Hence, the "pay as you wish" model may<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Rivers rich in sediment appear yellow, while increases in red algae make rivers appear red. To track things like the sediment or algae content of large US rivers, John R. Gardner and colleagues used satellite data to determine the dominant visible wavelengths of light measured for various segments of these rivers. The researchers classified wavelengths of 495 nanometers (nm) and below as red, wavelengths between 495 and 560 nm as blue, and wavelengths of 560 nm and above as yellow. The researchers concluded that for the Missouri River, segments flowing into lakes tend to carry more sediment than those flowing out of lakes.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' conclusion?

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Neural networks are computer models intended to reflect the organization of human brains and are often used in studies of brain function. According to an analysis of 11,000 such networks, Ryan Schaefer and colleagues advise caution when drawing conclusions about brains from observations of neural networks. They found that when attempting to mimic grid cells (brain cells used in navigation), while 90% of the networks could accomplish navigation-related tasks, only about 10% of those exhibited any behaviors similar to those of grid cells. But even this approximation of grid-cell activity has less to do with similarity between the neural networks and biological brains than it does with the rules programmed into the networks.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support the claim in the underlined sentence?

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Scholars have noted that F. Scott Fitzgerald's writings were likely influenced in part by his marriage to Zelda Fitzgerald, but many don't recognize Zelda as a writer in her own right. Indeed, Zelda authored several works herself, such as the novel Save Me the Waltz and numerous short stories. Thus, those who primarily view Zelda as an inspiration for F. Scott's writings<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Scent is tightly interwoven with our daily lives, often evoking significant memories and important social events. This connection is of growing interest to archaeologists who hope to use it to better understand ancient rituals, trade, social hierarchies, and medicine. Although the speed at which odor molecules dissipate makes identifying ancient scents challenging, advancements in biomolecular technologies show promise in unlocking ancient aromas from preserved artifacts. Archaeological studies making use of these advancements may provide new insights into past societies.<br/><br/>According to the text, what is one reason some archaeologists are interested in recovering scents from ancient artifacts?

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Sandra Cisneros's 1984 novella The House on Mango Street made a lasting impact on US literature. Its depiction of Mexican American culture inspired later authors to examine their own heritage within their fictional works. Also influential was the book's portrayal of the main character, Esperanza, during a pivotal year of her youth. This insightful depiction of a preteen girl encouraged authors who, like Cisneros herself, are Latina to use fictional works to examine experiences from their own youth.<br/><br/>Which statement, if true, would most strongly support the claim in the underlined sentence?

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Microbes that live in shallow lakes and ponds produce methane, a harmful greenhouse gas. Ecologist Ralf Aben and his team wanted to see how different types of shallow-water plants might affect the amount of methane that escapes into the atmosphere. Aben's team set up some water tanks with soil and microbes from local ponds. Some tanks had a type of underwater plant that grows in the soil called watermilfoil. Other tanks had either duckweed, a type of plant that floats on the water's surface, or algae. Aben and his team found that tanks with duckweed and algae released higher levels of methane than tanks with watermilfoil did. This finding suggests that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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The domestic sweet potato (l9omoea batatas) descends from a wild plant native to South America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands, where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over the thousands of miles of ocean separating them from South America. To explain how the sweet potato was first introduced in Polynesian, botanist Pablo Munoz-Rodriguez and colleagues analyzed the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant, concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from South American ones over 100,000 years ago. Given that Polynesian was peopled only in the last three thousand years, the team concluded that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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_O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather depicts Alexandra Bergson as a person who takes comfort in understanding the world around her:<br/><br/>Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?

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In superfluorescence, electrical charges known as dipoles emit light in synchronized bursts so intense that they are visible to the eye. Until recently, this phenomenon has only been observed at extremely cold temperatures because dipoles cannot synchronize at higher temperatures. But in a study, Melike Biliroglu and colleagues observed superfluorescence at room temperature in thin films made of perovskite and other similarly crystalline materials; the researchers propose that the formation of shock-absorbing quasiparticles called polarons in the material protects dipoles from thermal interference.<br/><br/>Based on the text, how are polarons believed to be involved in the superfluorescence observed in Biliroglu and colleagues' study?

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Roasted green chiles are a popular ingredient in Southwestern cuisine, but the traditional roasting method of burning propane is not environmentally friendly. To see if solar power could provide a better alternative, engineer Kenneth Armijo and his team roasted batches of green chiles using between 38 and 42 heliostats, which are devices that concentrate sunlight. The team was successful in reaching the same roasting temperature used in traditional propane roasting, but they found that propane yielded faster results. While the fastest solar-roasted green chiles took six minutes, batches using propane took only four. Armijo hypothesizes that they can reduce the roasting time for solar-roasted green chiles by using more heliostats.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support Armijo's hypothesis?

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"To Your" is an 1856 poem by Walt Whitman. In the poem, Whitman suggests that readers, whom he addresses directly, have not fully understood themselves, writing,<br/><br/>Which quotation from "To You" most effectively illustrates the claim?

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The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen's 1926 poem "Thoughts in a Zoo."<br/><br/>They in their cruel traps, and we in ours,<br/><br/>Survey each other's rage, and pass the hours<br/><br/>Commserating each the other's woe,<br/><br/>To mitigate his own pain's fiery glow.<br/><br/>Man could but little proffer in exchange<br/><br/>Save that his cages have a larger range.<br/><br/>That lion with his lordily, untamed heart<br/><br/>Has in some man his human counterpart,<br/><br/>Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped,<br/><br/>But in the stifling flesh securely trapped.<br/><br/>Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?

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In 1534 CE, King Henry VIII of England split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, in part because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Two years later, Henry VIII introduced a policy titled the Dissolution of the Monasteries that by 1540 had resulted in the closure of all Catholic monasteries in England and the confiscation of their states. Some historians assert that the enactment of the policy was primarily motivated by perceived financial opportunities.<br/><br/>Which quotation from a scholarly article best supports the assertion of the historians mentioned in the text?

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Some businesses believe that when employees are interrupted while doing their work, they experience a decrease in energy and productivity. However, a team led by Harshad Puranik, who studies management, has found that interruptions by colleagues can have a social component that increases employees' sense of belonging, resulting in greater job satisfaction that benefits employees and employers. Therefore, businesses should recognize that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Linguist Deborah Tannen has cautioned against framing contentious issues in terms of two highly competitive perspectives, such as pro versus con. According to Tannen, this debate-driven approach can strip issues of their complexity and, when used in front of an audience, can be less informative than the presentation of multiple perspectives in a noncompetitive format. To test Tannen's hypothesis, students conducted a study in which they showed participants one of three different versions of local news commentary about the same issue. Each version featured a debate between two commentators with opposing views, a panel of three commentators with various views, or a single commentator.<br/><br/>Which finding from the students' study, if true, would most strongly support Tannen's hypothesis?

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The following text is adapted from Maria Cristina Mena's 1914 short story "The Vine-Leaf."<br/><br/>It is a saying in the capital of Mexico that Dr. Malsufrido carries more family secrets under his hat than any archbishop.<br/><br/>The doctor's hat is, appropriately enough, uncommonly capacious, rising very high, and sinking so low that it seems to be supported by his ears and eyebrows, and it has a furry look, as if it had been brushed the wrong way, which is perhaps what happens to it if it is ever brushed at all. When the doctor takes it off, the family secrets do not fly out like a flock of parrots, but remain nicely bottled up beneath a dome of old and highly polished ivory.<br/><br/>Based on the text, how do people in the capital of Mexico most likely regard Dr. Malsufrido?

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In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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_O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather portrays Alexandra Bergson as having a deep emotional connection to her natural surroundings:<br/><br/>Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?

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in 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a honeycomb-like structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang and colleagues announced in 2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons between two semiconductors and then cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline structure. By inserting an ultrathin sheet of graphene above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression--the first visual confirmation of the Wigner crystal.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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A student is examining a long, challenging poem that was initially published in a quarterly journal without explanatory notes, then later republished in a stand-alone volume containing only that poem and accompanying explanatory notes written by the poet. The student asserts that the explanatory notes were included in the republication primarily as a marketing device to help sell the stand-alone volume.<br/><br/>Which statement, if true, would most directly support the student's claim?

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Accomplished printmaker and sculptor Elizabeth Catlett (1915-2012) used her art to explore the Black experience in the United States. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Catlett had a particular talent for unifying various artistic traditions and styles in her work.<br/><br/>Which quotation from a scholar describing Catlett's work would best support the student's claim?

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Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million to 66 million years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto Perez-Huerta, and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosaaur tooth enamel in order to calculate likely mosaaur body temperatures and determined that mosaurs were endothermic--that is, they used internal metabolic processes to maintain a stable body temperature in a variety of ambient temperatures. Suarez, Perez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled mosaurs to include relatively cold polar waters in their range.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, Perez-Huerta, and Harrell's claim?

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The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's 1849 story "Landor's Cottage."<br/><br/>During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer knew in what direction lay the sweet village of B----, where I had determined to stop for the night.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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