1. The religion of Islam.
2. basis
3. ideology
4. welfare
5. creating
6. State
7. minorities
8. 1867
9. State
10. Two Nation

To believe in the Oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God (Touheed) the first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God (Touheed) means that Allah is the creator and master of the entire universe. No one is his partner and nothing is beyond his knowledge.

It means Allah has power over all things.

Faith in Prophet Hood means to believe that Allah sent messengers for the guidance of mankind. A Muslim must have a staunch belief in Prophethood without having any kind of doubt. This belief demands that the Holy Quran and the noble life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) must be acknowledged as the source of guidance.

Pakistan is an ideological state. It is based on a specific philosophy of life. Its basis is the religion of Islam. This religion has been in practice for centuries. This is the basis that caused the movement of Pakistan. The ideology of Pakistan means the ideology of Islam. No doubt, Islamic Ideology is the foundation of the ideology of Pakistan.

“The economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity. It has failed to do justice between man and man. We must present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice.”

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Rahmatullah) was of the view that the Muslims, due to Islam, form a Millat and their power and strength depends only on Islam. In his poetry, he presented the key concept of the basis of Muslim Millat.

Fraternity teaches us to develop brotherly relations with one another so that neither rights of anyone are usurped nor the weak are oppressed by anyone.

The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) each Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim. He should not commit a breach of trust. He taught to refrain from maliciousness, malignance and enviousness. Therefore, Muslims should live united. They should help each other.

Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) was a firm advocate of the Two-Nation Theory. He gave the Muslims the status of a separate nation in every respect. He said: “Musalmans are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland, their territory, and their state.”

In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. The two nations were entirely different from each other in their religious ideas, way of living, and collective thinking. Their basic principle and way of living are so different that despite living together for centuries, they could not intermingle with each other. The Indian Muslims fought the war of freedom based on Two-Nation Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical face, two separate states. Pakistan and India came into existence. This theory is the basis of the Ideology of Pakistan.

Sense to provide security to the minorities was also included in the background of the demand for Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said very clearly that the rights of the minorities will be fully protected in Pakistan. Islam does not allow the life, property, dignity and religious traditions of the minorities in Pakistan to go unprotected.

In his famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930, Allama Iqbal demanded a separate state for the Muslims so that they might lead their lives by their religion and culture. He said

           “The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a specified territory. I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam”.

Ideology:

Ideology means such a plan or program as is based upon philosophy and application to solve political, social and cultural issues and problems.

In the words of George Brass, “any plan or program of a common life based upon thinking and philosophy is called ideology”.

In January 1933, during his stay at England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with some of his friends published a pamphlet named “Now or never”. It was also distributed among Indian Politicians. In this pamphlet, the name of the separate state for the Muslims was proposed as Pakistan.

  Basis of the Ideology of Pakistan:

    The Muslims of the Sub-continent got a separate homeland so that they might give practical shape to the final and absolute authority of Almighty Allah. The people might implement the absolute power of Almighty Allah and such a system might be practiced as was based upon the principles of the Holy Quran and the teachings of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W)

    Islam is not merely a set of rituals and worships, but it is a complete code of life. It can fulfill all the demands of human life. It can fulfill all the economical, moral, and political purposes of society. The Islamic system is in perfect harmony with modern demands and is completely practicable for every age.

   The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic Ideology. Islamic values such as beliefs of worship, justice, promotion of democracy, fraternity, and the duties of the citizens are the basis of the ideology of Pakistan. The detail of these values is given below.

1. Beliefs and Prayers:

The Muslims of the Sub-continent put up the demand for Pakistan because they wanted to lead their lives by their beliefs. They also wanted to worship Almighty Allah without any obstruction. The belief of Islam includes belief in the oneness of God (Touheed), the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) Life here-after, Angels, and the Books revealed by Almighty Allah. This set of above-mentioned beliefs is called Imaan.

• Touheed and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W)

To believe in the Oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) is the first pillar of Islam. Oneness of God (Touheed) means that Allah is the creator and master of the entire universe. No one is His partner and nothing is beyond his knowledge.

إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ

Translation: Allah hath power over all the things

Nothing is beyond his Power Man is the deputy of Almighty Allah. Therefore, Muslims must obey the commands of Almighty Allah. It is evident from the belief of the Absolute Authority of Allah, that the Man, being his deputy has the authority to the extent of the power given to him by Allah, but the real power lies with Almighty Allah.

• Faith in Prophet Hood means to believe that Allah sent messengers for the guidance of mankind. A Muslim must have such a staunch belief in Prophet Hood without having any kind of doubt. This belief demands that the Holy Quran and the noble life of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) must be acknowledged as the source of guidance.
• Namaaz:

The second pillar of Islam is “Namaaz”. It is obligatory to offer prayers at fixed hours. To be steadfast in prayers is similar to being steadfast in religion and it is demonstrated every day. Such a system of submission to Almighty Allah should be maintained all over society.

• Fast:

The third pillar of Islam is to keep fast. Like all other prayers, it is the best manifestation of obligation.

• Zakat:

The fourth pillar of Islam is “Zakat”. It is a monetary prayer. It is a means of strengthening the economic system of Islam. With the system of “Zakat,” wealth circulates instead of accumulating in a few hands. Thus, it reaches the poor class of society.

• Hajj:

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam. It is an obligation only for those who are financially able to perform it. On the occasion of “Hajj”, the call of

(Here I am! at your service, O lord!) presents the unprecedented model of unity and brotherhood.

2. Justice and Equality:

While establishing a just society, Muslims emphasized justice. It is determined in Islamic belief that all human beings are to be given equal status without any discrimination of caste, color, creed, language, and culture. The establishment of equal law and the same judiciary system for all living in the state is intended. Independent judiciary and the supremacy of law are – the basic conditions for the establishment of equality and justice. Islamic System has laid stress on the elevation of justice. Islamic System has laid stress on the elevation of justice. In his sermon on his final pilgrimage (Khutba-e-Hajj Tul-Wida)

 Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) explained this fact in the following words:

“O people, all of you have one God and all mankind is the offspring of Adam. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white.”

3. Promotion of Democracy:

Consultation and deliberation are the basis of the Islamic state and society. Democracy is promoted in an Islamic State and the right of the people is protected. Every citizen enjoys equal status. People lead their lives by observing and respecting the law of land laws provides security to the people. All are equal in the eyes of law. No discrimination is allowed based on caste, color, creed, or language. The system of the government is run for the welfare of all the people. While addressing Sibbi on the 14^th of February, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) described the purpose of achievement of Pakistan in the following words:

           “Let us lay the foundation of our democracy based on the true Islamic principles. Our Almighty has taught us that our decision in the affairs of the state shall be guided by discussions and consultations.”

4. Fraternity and Brotherhood:

Fraternity and Brotherhood have special significance in an Islamic society. When the Islamic government was formed in Medina, the example of Fraternity and Brotherhood set there was worth seeing. Today, Islamic society needs the same Fraternity and Brotherhood.

      Before the advent of Islam, people were not aware of this principle. They were the enemies of each other. But as the Islamic State of Medina was established the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) advised his followers to treat orphans, widows, and the poor kindly. He gave the people a code of life so that they might live peacefully and an atmosphere of brotherhood might flourish in society. He constituted a system of “Zakat” and charity. He declared usury unlawful because there is no room for exploitation in Islam.

         Fraternity teaches us to develop brotherly relations with one another so that neither rights of anyone are usurped nor the weak are oppressed by anyone.

       The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) Each Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim. He should not commit a breach of trust. He taught me to refrain from maliciousness, malignance, and enviousness. Therefore, Muslims should live united. They should help each other.

5. Rights and Duties of Citizens:

When Pakistan appeared on the map of the world, the significance of the rights of the citizens was acknowledged. At the same time, much emphasis was laid on the duties of the citizens. In an Islamic state, rights and duties are closely connected and both go hand in hand. The right of one person becomes the duty of the other to fulfill. Rights and duties are correlative. When a person does his duties, he deserves to enjoy rights. Duties cover both individuals as well as collective aspects of man. A mutual balance between rights and duties is the key to making an Islamic State a successful one.

          Sense to provide security to the minorities was also included in the background of the demand for Pakistan.

Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said very clearly that the rights of the minorities will be fully protected in Pakistan. Islam does not allow the life, property, dignity, and religious traditions of the minorities In Pakistan to go unprotected.

According to Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) the territories having a Muslim majority i.e. Punjab, Bengal, Asam, Sindh, NWFP (KPK), and Balochistan should be put together to form Pakistan where people may lead their lives by the principles of their religion, civilization, traditions, ethics, and economics. The Muslims may run the affairs of the state according to their values freely. The minorities should enjoy equal rights too.

         1. Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) considered the Islamic System fully applicable. He wanted to establish the system of the country based on the Quran. In the session of the All India Muslim League at Karachi in 1943, he said:

“What relationship knits the Muslims into one whole, which the formidable rock on which the Muslim edifice has been erected, which the sheet anchor providing a basis to the Muslim Millat, the relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran.”

         2. While addressing the students in March 1944, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said:

“Islam is our guide and it is the complete code of life.”

         3. Addressing Aligarh, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) explained the ideology of Pakistan in the following words:

“What was the motive of demand for Pakistan and what was the reason of separate state for the Muslims? Why was the need to divide India felt? Its reasons is neither narrow neither mindedness of the Hindus nor tactics of the British. It is the fundamental demand of Islam.”

        4. Addressing the Officers of the Government of Pakistan at Karachi on 11^th October 1947, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said:

“The establishment of Pakistan for which we have been striving for the last ten years is, by the grace of God, a fact today, but the creation of a State of our own was a means to an end and not the end in itself. The idea was that we should have a state in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find fair play.”

        5. On one occasion, while explaining the Ideology of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said:

“We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.”

        6. On 21^st March 1948, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) addressed the people of Dhaka. He said:

“What we want is not to talk about Bengali, Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan, and so on. We are nothing but Pakistani. Now we must act like Pakistani.”

        7. On 1^st July 1948, Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan. On this occasion, he said

“The economic system of the West has created almost insoluble problems for humanity. It has failed to do justice between man and man. We must present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice.”

The Ideology of Pakistan and Allama Iqbal (Rahmatullah)

Allama Iqbal gave the Muslims an idea of a separate state. Through his poetry, he awakened the Muslims. In the beginning, he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim Unity, but the narrow-mindedness and biased attitude of the Hindus forced him to re-think that the Muslims should demand a separate country.

        1. In his famous presidential address at Allahabad in 1930, he demanded a separate state for the Muslims so that they might lead their lives by their religion and culture. He said:

“The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India. The life of Islam as a cultural force in this living country very largely depends on its centralization in a specified territory. I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim State in the best interests of India and Islam.”

        2. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Rahmatullah) asserted that the Hindus and the Muslims could not live together in a country. Hence, sooner or later, the Muslims would succeed in winning their separate state. He turned down the idea that only one nation exists in the Sub-continent. Accepting Islam as a complete system, Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Rahmatullah) said clearly:

“India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions. It was the prime duty of all civilised nations to show utmost regard and reverence for the principles of other nations' religion, cultural and social values.”

        3. Allama Iqbal (Rahmatullah) believed that the Muslims, due to Islam, form a Millat and their power and strength depend only on Islam. In his poetry, he presented the Key concept of the basis of Muslim Millat.

Don’t presume that your nation is like the nations of the West, the people who believe in the Prophet (S.A.W) have the distinctive formation of the nations. The western community depends upon territorial and racial basis whereas your (Islamic) community is strengthened by the force of the religion.

        4. He advised the Muslims to adopt every aspect of religion and to break the idols of colour and creed.

Break the idols of colour and creed and absorb yourself into one nation so Turani, Irani, or Afghani (Regional status of the Muslims) may lose their existence. He considered that all the Muslims living in any part of the world were from one Millat.

        5. Therefore, he gave the message to the Muslims living from the shore of the Nile to the land of Kashghar to be united for the protection of Haram

Two-Nation Theory: Origin, Evolution, and Explication:

             In the Sub-continent, every individual who embraced Islam associated himself, socially and politically, with the Muslim society and State. Thus, he would break all the previous relationships and link himself to a new social system. On these bases, with time, a separate and unique temperament of the Muslims of India formed. It was entirely different from that of the other Indian nations. This identity formed the basis of the Two-Nation Theory.

   In the perspective of the Sub-continent, Two-Nation Theory means that two major nations, the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. Two nations were entirely different from each other in their religious ideas, way of living, and collective thinking. Their basic principles and way of living are so different that despite living together for centuries, they could not intermingle with each other. The Indian Muslims fought the war of freedom based on Two-Nation Theory and after accepting this theory as a historical fact two separate states. Pakistan and India came into existence. This Theory is the basis of the Ideology of Pakistan.

                As far as the evolution of the Two-Nation Theory is concerned we will evaluate some personalities and their thoughts. These personalities belong to different periods.

Two-Nation Theory and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan:

               Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first person who used the term “Two-Nation Theory” due to the Hindi Urdu Controversy in Banaras in 1867. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared the Muslims a separate nation. He convinced the government that there are at least two nations settled in the Sub-continent. One of them is Muslim and the other is Hindu.

               The Muslims are a separate nation in every respect because their civilization, culture language, customs, and philosophy of life are different from those of Hindus. This theory infused a political spirit among the Muslims and provided them with such leadership which gave a new spirit and push to the freedom movement. India was partitioned because of the Two-Nation Theory.

Two-Nation Theory and Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Rahmatullah)

            Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (Rahmatullah) presented the idea of a separate state for Muslims. He said

           “The Muslims would not allow that their religious, political and social rights are usurped. Therefore, I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP (KPK), Sindh and Balochistan put together into a single state.”

Two-Nation Theory and Chaudhary Rehmat Ali:

               In January 1933, during his stay in England, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali along with some of his friends published a pamphlet named “Now or Never”. It was also distributed among Indian politicians. In this pamphlet, the name of the separate state for the Muslims was proposed as Pakistan.

              Chaudhary Rehmat Ali thought that the Muslims possess a history and civilization of their own and based on these two, their nationality is not Hindustani but Pakistani. He believed that Muslims are a nation that is different from other nations living in India.

Two-Nation Theory and Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah)

                Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) was a firm advocate of the Two-Nation Theory. He gave the Muslims the status of a separate nation in every respect. He said: “Musalmans are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homeland, their territory, and their State.” Pakistan Resolution was passed on the 23^rd of March 1940. In his Presidential Address Quaid-e-Azam (Rahmatullah) said:

                The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literature. It would be better for the British Government to announce the partition of the Sub-continent by keeping in view the interest of the two nations. It would be the right step religiously as well as historically.

(a) Economic Deprivation of the Muslims in India:

               When the war of freedom (1857) was over, the Muslims were oppressed very badly. Although the Hindus supported the Muslims in this war, they declared that only the Muslims were responsible for all their actions in the war. Thus, they acquitted themselves of any responsibility. The Muslims were the targets of the wrath of the British. So, they suffered a lot and faced serious consequences.

1. The British, dominated by prejudice and enmity, dismissed all the Muslims from government jobs, especially from Army, and shut doors of employment to the Muslims. Despite having the required qualification for some jobs, the Muslims were deprived of them. On the other hand, the Hindus were offered jobs even if they had fewer qualifications as compared to the Muslims.
2. The Muslims were deprived of their properties. Their properties were confiscated. Some Muslim landowners were turned out of their lands. Their properties and lands were allotted instead of the owner of the land. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan has depicted this miserable condition of the Muslims in the following words “No calamity has descended from heaved that had not searched the house of the Muslims before it came down to the earth.”
3. The business of the Muslims was ruined. To get the support of the Hindus, the British gave them special business privileges. The Hindus established a monopoly in local trade. The Muslim traders suffered an economic crisis.
4. As a result of the industrial revolution in Britain, better and cheaper products were manufactured there. These products were imported into India. It destroyed the cottage industry which belonged to various nations of India including the Muslims. The cottage industry collapsed because it could not compete with the modern industry.
5. The goods produced in Britain could be imported into India but Indian products were demanded neither in Britain nor in Europe. The export of the Indian goods was affected and millions of people suffered unemployment including a large number of Muslims.

       (b)Origin of Ideology and its significance.

Source of Ideology:

Following elements lead to the formation of an ideology among people:

1. Common Religion:

Religion is only a set of adoration (worships) but it has profound impacts on the whole of the social life. Every religion maintains social relationships in the light of specific ideas. For example, the Europeans, the Japanese, the Hindus, and the Muslims want to lead their lives according to their religions respectively.

2. Common Race:

Common ideas originated from the common race. A common race gives birth to common ideas. It is quite natural that people belonging to the same race develop sentiments of sympathy and brotherhood for each other. Racism is a strong bond, which, because of common ideas, binds human beings in blood like a relationship.

3. Common Language and Residency:

Language is the means of conveying feelings, sentiments, and thoughts to others. These help to form new ideas. The similarity in the ways of living and harmony in ideas depend mostly on the common territory.

4. Common Political Purposes:

Because of common political purposes and political ideas, most of the nations of the present age try to achieve political freedom for the survival of their national life so that they become strong nation.

Significance of Ideology:

1. Man has been sent to this world with some purpose. Purposeless life never gets success. The existence of nations is reflected in their ideas.
2. Ideas create consciousness of purpose among nations. These ideas lead the nations toward success.
3. Ideas provide the foundation for any political, economic, social, or cultural movement.
4. Ideas are the axis around which life revolves. It is the second name of motivating force.
5. Ideas provide discipline to various aspects of human life.
6. Ideas determine national duties and rights.
7. Ideas are just like something invisible but the nations look live and dynamic because of it.
8. If a nation ignores its ideas, it endangers its existence and some new ideas try to merge this nation and change its identity.