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In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folklore's origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as Americo Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredes's argument?

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_King Lear is a circa 1606 play by William Shakespeare. In the play, the character of King Lear attempts to test his three daughters' devotion to him. He later expresses regret for his actions, as is evident when he<br/><br/>Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from King Lear to illustrate the claim?

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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|} \hline \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**World's fairs held in the US**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**Cost (in US dollars)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**Number of visitors**} \\ \hline<br/>**Century 21 Exposition (1962)** & \$47 million & 9.60 million \\ \hline<br/>**HemisFair '68** & \$156 million & 6.40 million \\ \hline<br/>**1984 World's Fair** & \$350 million & 7.35 million \\ \hline<br/>**Expo '74** & \$78 million & 5.60 million \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{|l|}{Huge international exhibitions known as world's fairs have been held since 1851, but the United States hasn't hosted one since 1984. Architecture expert Mina Chow argues that this is because some people think the events are too expensive and not popular enough. For example, the 1984 World's Fair cost \$350 million and had only \\ \hline \end{tabular}<br/><br/>Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

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Researchers hypothesized that a decline in the population of dusky sharks near the mid-Atlantic coast of North America led to a decline in the population of eastern oysters in the region. Dusky sharks do not typically consume eastern oysters but do consume cownose rays, which are the main predators of the oysters.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' hypothesis?

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Political scientists who favor the traditional view of voter behavior claim that voting in an election does not change a voter's attitude toward the candidates in that election. Focusing on each US presidential election from 1976 to 1996, Ebonya Washington and Sendhil Mullainathan tested this claim by distinguishing between subjects who had just become old enough to vote (around half of whom actually voted) and otherwise similar subjects who were slightly too young to vote (and thus none of whom voted). Washington and Mullainathan compared the attitudes of the groups of subjects toward the winning candidate two years after each election.<br/><br/>Which finding from Washington and Mullainathan's study, if true, would most directly weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of voter behavior?

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Ratified by more than 90 countries, the Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement ensuring that Indigenous communities are compensated when their agricultural resources and knowledge of wild plants and animals are utilized by agricultural corporations. However, the protocol has shortcomings. For example, it allows corporations to insist that their agreements with communities to conduct research on the commercial uses of the communities' resources and knowledge remain confidential. Therefore, some Indigenous advocates express concern that the protocol may have the unintended effect of<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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"Valia" is a 1907 short story by Leonid Andreyev. In the story, the author emphasizes that the setting where the character Valia is reading is nearly silent:<br/><br/>Which quotation from "Valia" most effectively illustrates the claim?

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The painter Maria Izquierdo played an important role in the development of twentieth-century Mexican art, but her work has never been well-known in the United States except among art historians. One reason for Izquierdo's relative obscurity is the enormous popularity of some of her peers. In particular, the painters Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera have so captivated the interest of US audiences that Izquierdo and other Mexican artists from the period often get overlooked, despite the high quality of their work.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Matthew D. Rocklage and team examined whether consumer ratings of movies can predict box office success. The team considered both numeric star ratings and written reviews in their research. To analyze the written reviews, the team measured the emotionality--the degree to which a written review expresses an emotional reaction--of user reviews on a movie rating website, assigning each review an emotionality score. After reviewing this research, a student argues that the emotionality of movie reviews is unrelated to a movie's success at the box office.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student's conclusion?

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Artist Justin Favela explained that he wanted to reclaim the importance of the pirata as a symbol in Latinx culture. To do so, he created numerous sculptures from strips of tissue paper, which is similar to the material used to create pirata. In 2017, Favela created an impressive life-size pirata-like sculpture of the Gypsy Rose lowrider car, which was displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California. The Gypsy Rose lowrider was famously driven by Jesse Valadez, an early president of the Los Angeles Imperialis Car Club.<br/><br/>According to the text, which piece of Favela's art was on display in the Petersen Automotive Museum in 2017?

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Several studies of sediment (e.g., dirt, pieces of rock, etc.) in streams have shown an inverse correlation between sediment grain size and downstream distance from the primary sediment source, suggesting that stream length has a sorting effect on sediment. In a study of sediment sampled at more than a dozen sites in Alpine streams, however, geologists Camille Litty and Fritz Schlunegger found that cross-site variations in grain size were not associated with differences in downstream distance, though they did not conclude that downstream distance is irrelevant to grain size. Rather, they concluded that sediment influx in these streams may have been sufficiently spatially diffuse to prevent the typical sorting effect from being observed.<br/><br/>Which finding about the streams in the study, if true, would most directly support Litty and Schlunegger's conclusion?

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To investigate the history of plate subduction--when one of Earth's tectonic plates slides beneath another--Sarah M. Aarons and colleagues compared ancient rocks from the Acasta Gneiss Complex in Canada to modern rocks. Using isotope analysis, the researchers found that Acasta rocks dating to about 4.02 billion years ago (bya) most strongly resemble modern rocks formed in a plume setting (an area in which hot rocks from Earth's mantle flow upward into the crust). By contrast, they found that Acasta rocks dating to about 3.75 bya and 3.6 bya have an isotope composition that is similar to that of modern rocks formed in a subduction setting. Aarons's team therefore concluded that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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The Indus River valley civilization flourished in South Asia from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Many examples of the civilization's writing system exist, but researchers haven't yet deciphered it or identified which ancient language it represents. Nevertheless, archaeologists have found historical artifacts, such as clay figures and jewelry, that provide information about the civilization's customs and how its communities were organized. The archaeologists' findings therefore suggest that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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It's common for jazz musicians and fans to refer to certain songs as having "swing," indicating that the songs provoke a strong feeling, like the impulse to tap one's foot or dance. The exact acoustic properties that give a song swing, however, have long been thought to be undefinable. To investigate swing, a team led by physicist Corentin Nelias delayed the downbeats and synchronized the offbeats in jazz piano solos and asked jazz musicians to compare the intensity of swing in each modified piece with the intensity of swing in the original piece. They found that participants were more than seven times likelier to characterize the modified songs as having swing than to characterize the original versions as having swing, suggesting that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Bicycles were first mass-produced in the late nineteenth century throughout Europe and North America, allowing individuals remarkable freedom to travel longer distances quickly and comfortably. This freedom, coupled with the affordability of the vehicle, made the bicycle immensely popular. Individuals were able to live farther from their workplaces, easily visit neighboring towns, and participate in new leisure and sport activities. Bicycling quickly became a popular social endeavor, with enthusiasts forming local cycling clubs to enjoy these newfound activities with others.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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When the Vinland Map, a map of the world purported to date to the mid-1400s, surfaced in 1957, some scholars believed it demonstrated that European knowledge of the eastern coast of present-day North America predated Christopher Columbus's 1492 arrival. In 2021, a team including conservators Marie-France Lemay and Paula Zyats and materials scientist Aniko Bezur performed an extensive analysis of the map and the ink used. They found that the ink contains titanium dioxide, a compound that was first introduced in ink manufacturing in the early 1900s. Therefore, the team concluded that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Indigenous cultures possess unique knowledge of the medicinal uses of plants. According to a 2021 study, 73 percent of the medicinal uses of plants native to North America are reflected in the vocabulary of a single Indigenous language. However, as more and more Indigenous people exclusively speak a globally dominant language, such as English, their ancestral languages fade from daily use. These facts lend added importance to tribal nations' efforts to preserve their languages. By ensuring the continued use of Cherokee, Ojibwe, and the hundreds of other Indigenous languages in what is now the United States, tribal nations are also<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline & & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{**Average mass of plants grown in soil**} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{**Average mass of plants grown**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**Plant**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**Mycorrhizal**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**containing mycorrhizal fungi (in**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**in soil treated to kill fungi (in**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{**species**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**host**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**grams**} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{**grams**} \\ \hline<br/>**Corn** & yes & 15.1 & 3.8 \\ \hline<br/>**Marigold** & yes & 10.2 & 2.4 \\ \hline<br/>**Broccoli** & no & 7.5 & 7 \\ \hline \end{tabular}<br/><br/>Mycorrhizal fungi in soil benefits many plants, substantially increasing the mass of some. A student conducted an experiment to illustrate this effect. The student chose three plant species for the experiment, including two that are mycorrhizal hosts (species known to benefit from mycorrhizal fungi) and one nonmycorrhizal species (a species that doesn't benefit from and may even be harmed by mycorrhizal fungi). The student then grew several plants from each species both in soil containing mycorrhizal fungi and in soil that had been treated to kill mycorrhizal and other fungi. After several weeks, the student measured the plants' average mass and was surprised to discover that<br/><br/>Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

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If some artifacts recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in modern Ghana, date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend credence to claims that the settlement was founded before or around that time. There is other evidence, however, strongly supporting a fourteenth century CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth century CE founding date are correct, that would imply that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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North American gray wolves usually have mixed gray and white fur, but some members of the species have a version of a gene, or gene variant, that gives them a mostly black coat instead. Sarah Cubaynes and her team studied twelve populations of North American gray wolves. They found that the black-furred wolves are more common in areas where outbreaks of distemper virus happen regularly. The team also discovered that the black-furred wolves are more likely to be immune to distemper than the gray-furred wolves are. Taken together, these findings suggest that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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\begin{tabular}{|p{56.9pt}|p{56.9pt}|p{56.9pt}|p{56.9pt}|p{56.9pt}|} \hline & **Seawater in lava-affected area, 5-45 meters below surface** & **Seawater in lava-affected area, 5-45 meters below surface** & **Seawater outside of lava-affected area, 5-45 meters below surface** & **Seawater outside of lava-affected area, 5-45 meters below surface** & **Iava-affected area, 5-125 meters below surface** \\ \hline<br/>**Nutrient** & **surface** & **surface** & **below surface** & **below surface** \\ \hline<br/>**Nitrate (micromoles per liter)** & 3.1 & 0.4 & \(\leq\)0.03 & \(\leq\)0.01 \\ \hline<br/>**Phosphate (micromoles per liter)** & 0.17 & 0.09 & 0.14 & 0.06 \\ \hline \end{tabular}<br/><br/>After a volcanic eruption spilled lava into North Pacific Ocean waters, a dramatic increase of diatoms (a kind of phytoplankton) near the surface occurred. Scientists assumed the diatoms were thriving on nutrients such as phosphate from the lava, but analysis showed these nutrients weren't present near the surface in forms diatoms can consume. However, there was an abundance of usable nitrate, a nutrient usually found in much deeper water and almost never found in lava. Microbial oceanographer Sonya Dyhrman and colleagues believe that as the lava plunged nearly 300 meters below the surface it dislodged pockets of this nutrient, releasing it to float upward, given that<br/><br/>Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

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Off-off-Broadway theaters emerged in the late 1950s as a rebellion against mainstream Broadway theaters in New York, freeing artists to create productions that were more experimental than typical Broadway shows. One such artist was playwright Maria Irene Fornes. Working with off-off Broadway theaters enabled Fornes not only to direct her own plays but also to direct them exactly as she intended them to be staged, regardless of how strange the results might have seemed to audiences accustomed to Broadway shows. In this way, Fornes<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Colonized by Spain in the 1600s, New Mexico is home to a dialect of Spanish that differs significantly from dialects spoken in Spain's other former colonies in the Americas. Most notably, the New Mexican dialect retains older features of the language that other dialects lost in later centuries. But why would it have done so? New Mexico was so distant from population centers in Spain's other colonies that it attracted few colonists after its initial colonization. Geographical isolation in turn would have limited the exposure of New Mexican colonists to changes occurring to Spanish grammar and vocabulary elsewhere in the empire. Thus, the present-day uniqueness of the New Mexican dialect suggests the extent to which<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?

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When digging for claims, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier than those found elsewhere off Canada's coast. To explain this, conservation scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do, Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plant's rate of sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the meadow's health overall.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine Foster's hypothesis?

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"Often Rebuked, Yet Always Back Returning" is an 1846 poem by Emily Bronte. The poem conveys the speaker's determination to experience the countryside around her:<br/><br/>Which quotation from the poem most effectively illustrates the claim?

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