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Known as Earth's "living skin," biocrusts are thin layers of soil held together by surface-dwelling microorganisms such as fungi, lichens, and cyanobacteria. Fortifying soil in arid ecosystems against erosion, ________<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

After the United Kingdom began rolling out taxes equivalent to a few cents on single-use plastic grocery bags in 2011, plastic-bag consumption decreased by up to ninety ________ taxes are subject to what economists call the "rebound effect": as the change became normalized, plastic-bag use started to creep back up.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

When they were first discovered in Australia in 1798, the duck-billed, beaver-tailed platypuses so defied categorization that one scientist assigned them the name _Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_: "paradoxical bird-snout." The animal, which lays eggs but also nurses ________ young with milk, has since been classified as belonging to the monotremes group.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Typically, underlines, scribbles, and notes left in the margins by a former owner lower a book's ________ when the former owner is a famous poet like Walt Whitman, such markings, known as marginalia, can be a gold mine to literary scholars.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

On sunny days, dark rooftops absorb solar energy and convert it to unwanted heat, raising the surrounding air ________ a light-colored covering to an existing dark roof, either by attaching prefabricated reflective sheets or spraying on a paint-like coating, helps combat this effect.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In the 1950s, a man named Joseph McVicker was struggling to keep his business afloat when his sister-in-law Kay Zufall ________ to him to repurpose the company's product, a nontoxic, clay-like substance for removing soot from wallpaper as a modeling putty for kids. Additionally, Zufall ________ selling the product under a child-friendly name: Play-Doh.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In 2008, two years after the death of science fiction writer Octavia Butler, the Huntington Library in California received a collection of more than 8,000 items, including Butler's private notes, research materials, manuscripts, photos, and drawings. Today, the Octavia E. Butler Collection is one of the most researched archives at the library.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

their discoveries and the recognition they received<br/>your answer: British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their discoveries and the recognition they received in their 1953 paper announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick discovered the double helix. ________ findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers, "Photo 51," developed by X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

The sun never sets during the Arctic summer in the Far North. In response, reindeer in this region must change their sleep habits. Instead of resting when it gets dark, they rest when they need their food ________.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Gathering accurate data on water flow in the United States is challenging because of the country's millions of miles of ________ the volume and speed of water at any given location can vary drastically over time.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Psychophysicist Howard Moskowitz was hired by a soda company to determine how much artificial sweetener ________ After conducting consumer taste tests, he found that no such ideal existed: participants expressed a wide range of preferences for different blends of sweetener, carbonization, and flavoring.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Po'Pay was a Tewa leader from Ohkay Owingeh, a pueblo located about twenty-five miles north of present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico. He was instrumental in organizing the Pueblo Revolt of ________ as a result of his leadership, the Spanish colonizers were expelled from the region for a time.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

While exploring Nevada's Gypsum Cave in 1930, Seneca and Abenaki archaeologist Bertha Parker made her most famous discovery: the skull of a now-extinct ground slot (_Nothrotheriops shastensis_) alongside human-made tools. Parker's crucial finding was the first ________ humans in North America as far back as 10,000 years ago.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Like other amphibians, the wood frog (_Rana sylvatica_) ________ periods of subfreezing temperatures by producing large amounts of glucose, a sugar that helps prevent damaging ice from forming inside its cells.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Classical composer Florence Price's 1927 move to Chicago marked a turning point in her career. It was there that Price premiered her First Symphony--a piece that was praised for blending traditional Romantic motifs with aspects of Black folk music--and ________ supportive relationships with other Black artists.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Over twenty years ago, in a landmark experiment in the psychology of choice, professor Sheena lyengar set up a jam-tasting booth at a grocery store. The number of jams available for tasting ________ some shoppers had twenty-four different options, others only six. Interestingly, the shoppers with fewer jams to choose from purchased more jam.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

The fine, powdery substance that covers the Moon's surface is called regolith. Because regolith is both readily available and high in oxygen ________ scientists have wondered whether it could be used as a potential source of oxygen for future lunar settlements.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In her book _The Woman Warrior: Memoirs ________ a Girlhood Among Ghosts_, author Maxine Hong Kingston examines themes ________ childhood, womanhood, and Chinese American identity by intertwining autobiography and mythology.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, many critics have missed his equally deep engagement with Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater. Many critics have focused on Kurosawa's use of Western literary sources but have overlooked the influence of Noh theater on his work.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In the historical novel _The Surrender Tree_, Cuban American author Margarita Engle uses poetry ________ the true story of Cuban folk hero Rosa La Bayamesa.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Objects ranging from the Kikkoman soy sauce bottle to the Yamaha VMAX motorcycle to the Komachi bullet train ________ designed by twentieth-century industrial designer Kenji Ekuan.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Specifically, an extra "leap second" (the 86,401st second of the day) is ________ time based on the planet's rotation lags a full nine-tenths of a second behind time kept by precise atomic clocks.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

In discussing Mary Shelley's 1818 epistolary novel _Frankenstein_, literary theorist Gayatri Spivak directs the reader's attention to the character of Margaret Saville. As Spivak points out, Saville is not the protagonist of Shelley's ________ as the recipient of the letters that frame the book's narrative, she's the "occasion" of it.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

Working from an earlier discovery of Charpentier's, chemists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna--winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry--re-created and then reprogrammed the so-called "genetic scissors" of a species of DNA-cleaving bacteria ________ --a tool that is revolutionizing the field of gene technology.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

A subseasonal weather forecast attempts to predict weather conditions three to four weeks in ________ its predictions are therefore more short-term than those of the seasonal forecast, which attempts to predict the weather more than a month in advance.<br/><br/>Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions