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It is generally true that technological change is a linear process, in which once-useful technologies are replaced by new and better ________ the reawakening of interest in the steam engine (from advocates of carbon-neutral rail travel) reminds us that ostensibly obsolete technologies may be brought back into service to address society's changing needs. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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The first computerized spreadsheet, Dan Bricklin's _VisiCalc_, improved financial recordkeeping not only by providing users with an easy means of adjusting data in spreadsheets but also by automatically updating all calculations that were dependent on these ________ to VisiCalc's release, changing a paper spreadsheet often required redoing the entire sheet by hand, a process that could take days. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Nine months before Rosa Parks made history by refusing to comply with the segregated seating policy on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, a fifteen-year-old Montgomery girl named Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same ________ to some historians, Colvin's arrest led to Parks's action and eventually to the desegregation of Montgomery's bus system. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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statement: Santa Clara Pueblo artist Roxanne Swentzell's sculpture _Mud Woman Rolls On_ consists of five human figures made of clay and plant fiber and arranged in descending size; each figure holds the smaller one in front of it. The arrangement of the figures, according to the artist, represents the generational passing on of knowledge and wisdom. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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After the printing press was introduced in 1440, handwritten manuscripts ________ Europe's medieval period were often destroyed and the paper used for other purposes. In one instance, pages ________ a collection of Norse tales dating to 1270 were discovered lining a bishop's miter (hat). Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Smaller than poppy seeds, tardigrades are tiny, but ________ are tough. These minuscule animals can survive for thirty years without food or water, and ________ can withstand extreme temperatures as low as minus 328 degrees and as high as 304 degrees Fahrenheit. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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In paleontology, the term "Elvis taxon" gets applied to a newly identified living species that was once presumed to be extinct. Like an Elvis impersonator who might bear a striking resemblance to the late musical icon Elvis Presley himself, an Elvis taxon is not the real thing; however, it is a misidentified look-alike. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions

From afar, African American fiber artist Bisa Butler's portraits look like paintings, their depictions of human faces, bodies, and clothing so intricate that it seems only a fine brush could have rendered them. When viewed up close, however, the portraits reveal themselves to be ________ stitching barely visible among the thousands of pieces of printed, microcut fabric. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA's Harvest Africa initiative, gathers important data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn't just compile the ________ she also shares her findings with African farmers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions about managing critical food crops. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Ten of William Shakespeare's plays are classified as histories. Although each one of these plays, which include _Henry V_ and _Richard III_, ________ on a single historical figure (specifically, an English king), some, such as _Henry VI Part One_ and _Henry VI Part Two_, feature different episodes from the same monarch's life. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Unfortunately, as ________ attest, archaeological excavations have disrupted ash deposits at the site, causing valuable information about the eruption to be lost. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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In 2017, the couple converted a vacant lot in the city into an ________ in the years that followed they acquired nine additional lots and established more than 35 hives. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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In the early twentieth century, Joseph Kekuku and other Hawaiian ________ in the mainland United States to the bright and lifting sound of the _kik\(\bar{a}\) kila_, or Hawaiian steel guitar. The instrument soon became a fixture in American blues and country music. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Eli Eisenberg, a genetics expert at Tel Aviv University in Israel, recently discovered that ________--have a special genetic ability called RNA editing that confers evolutionary advantages. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh century CE. However, ________ may have begun much earlier, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Literary agents estimate that more than half of all nonfiction books credited to a celebrity or other public figure are in fact written by ghostwriters, professional authors who are paid to write other ________ but whose names never appear on book covers. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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The classic children's board game Chutes and Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game, Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players encounter "good" or "bad" spaces while traveling along a path; landing on one of the good spaces can advance you towards the goal, while landing on one of the bad spaces can \(\underline{\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0pt}}\phantom{\rule{0pt}{0pt}}}\) result in setbacks. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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In 1966, Emmett Ashford became the first African American to umpire a Major League Baseball game. His energetic gestures announcing when a player had struck out and his habit of barreling after a hit ball to see if it would land out of ________ transform the traditionally solemn umpire role into a dynamic one. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Polyphenols are organic compounds ________ among their many roles, provide pigment that helps protect plants against ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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The African Games Co-production Market, one of over 180 annual international conferences, ________ the growth of the African gaming industry by helping start-up studios in Africa find partners. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawaii Register of Historic Places, which includes Pillianhale Heiau and the 'Opaeka'a Road Bridge. Okinaka doesn't make such decisions ________ all historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts from the fields of architecture, archaeology, history, and Hawaiian culture. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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About 70,000 meteorites have been found on Earth. Although most meteorites are fragments of ________ hundred have been identified as being from the Moon or Mars. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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Archaeologists have estimated that the pre-Columbian Native American city of Cahokia, located across the Mississippi River from modern-day St. Louis, Missouri, had as many as 20,000 inhabitants in the year 1150, making it one of the largest cities in North America at the time. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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In her two major series "Memory Test" and "Autobiography," painter Howardena Pindell explored themes ________ healing, self-discovery, and memory by cutting and sewing back together pieces ________ canvas and inserting personal artifacts, such as postcards, into some ________ the paintings. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

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... a saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal in Egypt's Great Bitter Lakes. The lock would ________ a barrier of water with increased salinity that most marine creatures would be unable to cross. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingStandard English Conventions