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In 1877, 85% of California's railways were already controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The company further solidified its in rail access to the state's Pacific coast when it completed the Sunset Route in 1883: running from Louisiana to Southern California, the route established the first transcontinental rail line across the southern United States. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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The following text is from F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. [Jay Gatsby] was balancing himself on the dashboard of his car with that resourcefulness of movement that is so peculiarly American--that comes, I suppose, with the absence of lifting work in youth and, even more, with the formless grace of our nervous, sporadic games. This quality was continually breaking through his punctilious manner in the shape of restlessness. As used in the text, what does the word "quality" most nearly mean?

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While we can infer information about climate activity in Earth's distant past from physical evidence, we of course cannot observe past climates directly. To study early Earth's climate in action, we must that climate using computer models that represent various climate conditions consistent with the physical evidence. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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The following text is adapted from Sui Sin Far's 1912 short story "Mrs. Spring Fragrance." Mr. and Mrs. Spring Fragrance immigrated to the United States from China. Mrs. Spring Fragrance was unaware that Mr. Spring Fragrance, tired with the day's business, had thrown himself down on the bamboo settee on the veranda, and that although his eyes were engaged in scanning the pages of the Chinese World, his ears could not help receiving the words which were borne to him through the open window. As used in the text, what does the word "receiving" most nearly mean?

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While scholars believe many Mesoamerican cities influenced each other, direct evidence of such influence is difficult to ascertain. However, recent excavations in a sector of Tikal (Guatemala) unearthed a citadel that shows -- Teotihuacan (Mexico) architecture--including a near replica of a famed Teotihuacan temple--providing tangible evidence of outside influence in portions of Tikal. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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Some bird species don't raise their own chicks. Instead, adult females lay their eggs in other nests, next to another bird species' own eggs. Female cuckoos have been seen quickly.laying eggs in the nests of other bird species when those birds are out looking for food. After the eggs hatch, the noncuckoo parents will typically raise the cuckoo chicks as if they were their own offspring, even if the cuckoos look very different from the other chicks. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

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Composer Florence Price won first place for her score Symphony in E Minor at the 1932 Wanamaker Foundation Awards. The piece was performed the following year by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a significant recognition of its quality. Price continued to compose many musical pieces throughout her career, blending traditional Black spirituals with classical European Romantic musical traditions. In recent years, Price's concertos and symphonies have been performed and recorded by several major orchestras, further preserving her work for others to enjoy. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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The following text is from Edith Wharton's 1905 novel The House of Mirth. Lily Bart and a companion are walking through a park. Lily had no real intimacy with nature, but she had a passion for the appropriate and could be keenly sensitive to a scene which was the fitting background of her own sensations. The landscape outspread below her seemed an enlargement of her present mood, and she found something of herself in its calmness, its breadth, its long free reaches. On the nearer slopes the sugar-maples wavered like pyres of light; lower down was a massing of grey orchards, and here and there the lingering green of an oak-grove. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

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The Appalachian Trail is a hiking path in the eastern United States. Much of the 2,000 mile trail passes through wilderness areas. In order to those areas, the United States Congress passed the National Trails System Act in 1968, ensuring that the trail would not be sold or commercially developed. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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Due to their often strange images, highly experimental syntax, and opaque subject matter, many of John Ashbery's poems can be quite difficult to \(

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The recent discovery of a carved wooden figure dating to around 2,000 years ago in a ditch in England was truly surprising. Wooden objects survive for so long due to their high susceptibility to rot, but archaeologists suspect layers of sediment in the ditch preserved the figure by creating an oxygen-free environment. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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#### Text 1 What factors influence the abundance of species in a given ecological community? Some theorists have argued that historical diversity is a major driver of how diverse an ecological community eventually becomes: differences in community diversity across otherwise similar habitats, in this view, are strongly affected by the number of species living in those habitats at earlier times. Text 2 In 2010, a group of researchers including biologist Carla Caceres created artificial pools in a New York forest. They stocked some pools with a diverse mix of zooplankton species and others with a single zooplankton species and allowed the pool communities to develop naturally thereafter. Over the course of four years, Caceres and colleagues periodically measured the species diversity of the pools, finding--contrary to their expectations--that by the end of the study there was little to no difference in the pools' species diversity. Based on the texts, how would Caceres and colleagues (Text 2) most likely describe the view of the theorists presented in Text 1?

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In recommending Bao Phi's collection Song I Sing, a librarian noted that pieces by the spoken-word poet don't lose their \(\qquad\) nature when printed: the language has the same pleasant musical quality on the page as it does when performed by Phi.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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Particle physicists like Ayana Holloway Arce and Aida El-Khadra spend much of their time what is invisible to the naked eye: using sophisticated technology, they closely examine the behavior of subatomic particles, the smallest detectable parts of matter. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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In 2007, computer scientist Luis von Ahn was working on converting printed books into a digital format. He found that some words were distorted enough that digital scanners couldn't recognize them, but most humans could easily read them. Based on that finding, von Ahn invented a simple security test to keep automated "bots" out of websites. The first version of the reCAPTCHA test asked users to type one known word and one of the many words scanners couldn't recognize. Correct answers proved the users were humans and added data to the book-digitizing project. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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In Nature Poem (2017), Kuneyaay poet Tommy Pico portrays his , the natural world by honoring the centrality of nature within his tribe's traditional beliefs while simultaneously expressing his distaste for being in wilderness settings himself. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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#### Text 1 The idea that time moves in only one direction is instinctively understood, yet it puzzles physicists. According to the second law of thermodynamics, at a macroscopic level some processes of heat transfer are irreversible due to the production of entropy--after a transfer we cannot rewind time and place molecules back exactly where they were before, just as we cannot unbreak dropped eggs. But laws of physics at a microscopic or quantum level hold that those processes should be reversible. #### Text 2 In 2015, physicists Tiago Batalhao et al. performed an experiment in which they confirmed the irreversibility of thermodynamic processes at a quantum level, producing entropy by applying a rapidly oscillating magnetic field to a system of carbon-13 atoms in liquid chloroform. But the experiment "does not pinpoint ... what causes [irreversibility] at the microscopic level," coauthor Mauro Paternostro said. Based on the texts, what would the author of Text 1 most likely say about the experiment described in Text 2?

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Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to promote public health; this effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Dine bizaad, the Navajo language. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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In Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential suitor Henry Crawford causes the protagonist Fanny Price to bluish; her embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment--in which Fanny not only infers Henry's mental state through his gestures, but also infers that he is drawing inferences about her mental state--illustrates what literary scholar George Butte calls "deep intersubjectivity," a technique for representing interactions between consciousnesses through which Austen's novels derive much of their social and psychological drama. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

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In studying the use of external stimuli to reduce the itching sensation caused by an allergic histamine response, Louise Ward and colleagues found that while harmless applications of vibration or warming can provide a temporary distraction, such stimuli actually offer less relief than a stimulus that seems less benign, like a mild electric shock. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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The following text is from the 1923 poem "Black Finger" by Angelina Weld Grimke, a Black American writer. A cypress is a type of evergreen tree. I have just seen a most beautiful thing, Slim and still, Against a gold, gold sky, A straight black cypress, Sensitive, Exquisite, A black finger Pointing upwards. Why, beautiful still finger, are you black? And why are you pointing upwards? Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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Some studies have suggested that posture can influence cognition, but we should not overstate this phenomenon. A case in point: In a 2014 study, Megan O'Brien and Alaa Ahmed had subjects stand or sit while making risky simulated economic decisions. Standing is more physically unstable and cognitively demanding than sitting; accordingly, O'Brien and Ahmed hypothesized that standing subjects would display more risk aversion during the decision-making tasks than sitting subjects did, since they would want to avoid further feelings of discomfort and complicated risk evaluations. But O'Brien and Ahmed actually found no difference in the groups' performance. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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In 1973, poet Miguel Algarin started inviting other writers who, like him, were Nuyorican--a term for New Yorkers of Puerto Rican heritage--to gather in his apartment to present their work. The gatherings were so well attended that Algarin soon had to rent space in a cafe to accommodate them. Thus, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe was born. Moving to a permanent location in 1981, the Nuyorican Poets Cafe expanded its original scope beyond the written word, hosting art, exhibitions and musical performances as well. Half a century since its inception, it continues to foster emerging Nuyorican talent. Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?

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Visual artist Gabriela Aleman states that the bold colors of comics, pop art, and Latinx culture have always fascinated her. This passion for the rich history and colors of her Latinx community translates into the \(\underline{\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{

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The guiro, a musical instrument traditionally made from a dried and hollowed gourd, is thought to have originated with the Taino people of Puerto Rico. Players use a wooden stick to scrape along ridges cut into the side of the gourd, creating sounds that are highly : the sounds produced by guiros can differ based on the distance between the ridges, the types of strokes the player uses, and the thickness of the gourd. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

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