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In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large arches that help support a building's exterior walls. Before the Gothic era, cathedrals' heavy ceilings had to be supported by thick, short walls, but the invention of flying buttresses eliminated this need. As a result, Gothic cathedrals could be built with thinner, higher walls. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its intended use. _For example,_ earthenware clay is often used for decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable than other clays. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Allan Houser was a Chirachua Warm Springs Apache sculptor, illustrator, and painter. * Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures. * He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms, developing a distinctive style that influenced many other artists. * His well-known sculpture _Sacred Rain Arrow_ was pictured on the State of Oklahoma license plate. The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser's sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. Consequently, collecting this fee could be slow and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Okot p'Bitek's poem _Song of Lawino_ (1966) explores postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a rural village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology, the poem inspired a generation of East African writers. ______________, those who adopted its style are often referred to as Okot School poets. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano to be Earth's largest shield volcano by volume, measuring approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. __________, according to a 2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, Hawaii's Puhahonu shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic kilometers. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal. * Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate the Azores. * A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias found that Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores as early as the ninth century. * The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia. * House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships. The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores, according to the 2015 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873-1908) varied his focus and tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his poetry, he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural surroundings; in his journalism, he employed humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community. __________, he employed different techniques to convey his message. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon's coast are from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697. Stories passed down among the area's Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians support this belief. ______________, Sletz stories describe how blocks of beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result. * _The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano_ (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic. * Equiano's book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807. * _The Jungle_ (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants. * Sinclair's book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Muslims are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses. * Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh. * It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury clothing. * Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories. * It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture and create backdrops for theater sets. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. __________ based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have arrived more than 30,000 years ago--much earlier than previously thought. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn't make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. __________, the bill passed. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

For years, biologists have experimented with using prime-eating bacteria rather than harsh chemicals to clean artworks, and results have been impressive overall. In many cases, these bacterial strains--which can metabolize centuries' worth of oil, glue, dirt, and other surface impurities without creating harmful byproducts--have proven more effective than traditional chemical cleaning methods. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Platinum is a rare and expensive metal. * It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions. * Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective. * Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium. * Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture). The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? * Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with liquid gallium. * Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective. * Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective. * While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other platinum catalysts.

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal observed that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end points, a finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ________, scientists had assumed that the brain was a continuous web of fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Award-winning travel writer Linda Watanabe McFerrin considers the background research she conducts on destinations featured in her travel books to be its own reward. ________ McFerrin admits to finding the research phase of her work just as fascinating and engaging as exploring a location in person. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to televise the court's oral arguments, concerned that the participants would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the quality of the discourse). __________, the justices worry that most viewers would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * _Oracles of the Pink Universe_ was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver Museum of Art in Colorado. * It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube. * One of these works is a painting titled _Assertion of Will_. * _Assertion of Will_ depicts three standing figures. * The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the painting's canvas. The student wants to describe how fabric is used in _Assertion of Will_. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs. * Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals. * Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song's popularity. * These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits. * Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity. The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song's popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? * Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song's audio features, such as loudness and pitch intervals. * Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits. * Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity. The MSD's descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song's popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The Babylonian king Hammurabi achieved much during his forty-year reign. He conquered all of Mesopotamia and built Babylon into one of the most powerful cities of the ancient world. _________, he is mainly remembered for a code of laws inscribed on a seven-foot-tall block of stone: the Code of Hammurabi. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1815, while in axile in Jamaica, Venezuela revolutionary Simon Bolivar penned a letter praising England's republican government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence from Spain might achieve something similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen; ______, Bolivar's goal was to persuade political leaders from England and Europe to support his cause. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Most of the planets that have been discovered outside our solar system orbit G-type stars, like our Sun. In 2014, researchers identified a planet orbiting KELT-9, a B-type star more than twice as massive and nearly twice as hot as the Sun. Called KELT-9b, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered. __________, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. There are those who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species' distribution, and those who insist that vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel Sanmartin counts herself among neither. __________, she believes that both factors play important roles. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794. * It was the first private turnpike in the United States. * It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania. * It was sixty-two miles long. The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas