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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted Washington Crossing the Delaware. * His huge painting (149 x 255 inches) depicts the first US president crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War. * In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikosiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People. * Monkman's huge painting (132 x 264 inches) was inspired by Leutze's. * It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface temperature between the Sun and nearby stars. * His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200 trillion miles) of the Sun. * The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800*F, which classifies it as a G star. * 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900*F (cooler than the Sun). * 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with surface temperatures greater than 10,300*F (hotter than the Sun). The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by building utopias. * A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society based on a specific set of principles. * One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts. * It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley. * Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was "to guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor, adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their industry." The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation from George Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The more diverse and wide ranging an animal's behaviors, the larger and more energy demanding the animal's brain tends to be. from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to growing and maintaining brain tissue. _________, the specialized subtypes of ants within colonies provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago. * In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert. * She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult pterosaurs. * She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the bones had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs. * She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles. The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan. * It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido. * It is roughly 33 miles long. * The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe. * It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France. * It is about 31 miles long. The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955. * PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA. * Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic blueprints for mRNA. * The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human genetic code. * Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of how genetic variations affect human health. The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery. Which choice most effectively uses relevantinformation from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short stories. * She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993. * A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-century United States. * Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century India. The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an audience already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. upon analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of Rome's National Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the compound sodium carbonate. ________, the discovery provides valuable insights into the composition of the dwarf planet. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression. * She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013. * Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles. * When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed. The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers Michael Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath attempted to answer three questions. ______ is there a period each day when the pulse rates of jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond more slowly to stimuli during that period? Finally, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish adversely affected? Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Although novels and poems are considered distinct literary forms, many authors have created hybrid works that incorporate elements of both. Bernardine Evaristo's The Emperor's Babe, _____ is a verse novel, a book-length narrative complete with characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than prose. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially harsh winter conditions. * Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid -30 degrees Fahrenheit. * Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra winters. * During the tundra's short growing season, average temperatures can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit. * Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the tundra. The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the tundra. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The envelope-shaped paper bags common in the US 150 years ago were impractical for carrying goods. ________ because they were the only paper bags that could be mass-produced, these bags dominated the market. That all changed in the 1870s, when industrial designer Margaret Knight patented a machine to make flat-bottomed, foldable, paper bags. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of unseen ideal forms. In his view, such abstract, nonmaterial forms are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing that knowledge is best obtained through direct engagement with the material world; ________ sensory experience of the material is the ultimate source of knowledge. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. ________, contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The magnificent frigatebird (_fregata magnificens_) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea animals. * It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn't dive into the water for prey. * One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water. * Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force. * This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage activists. * Their "Women and the Vote" website featured an interactive digital drawing of a Victorian-style house. * Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement. * One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts associated with the artifact. * The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed them to control the experience. The student wants to explain an advantage of the "Women and the Vote" format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany studied the effect of wind on aus' success in landing at cliffside nesting sites. * They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more attempts in order to make a successful landing. * When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were successful. * In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful. * In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were successful. The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States. * He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS). * VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated. * The series was celebrated for its inventive video game-centric world and high-quality special effects. * VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series. The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong's award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery. * The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt's Dakhla Oasis. * The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived approximately 80 million years ago. * The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team that discovered it. The student wants to explain the origin of the species' name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1933, the Twentieth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified. The amendment mandates that presidential inaugurations be held on January 20, approximately ten weeks after the November election. ________, this amendment requires newly elected US senators and representatives to be sworn into their respective offices on January 3. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

When Chinese director Chloe Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history. _______ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars, making Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present is a history book by Oijbwe author David Treuer. * In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that "Treuer's storytelling skills shine" and that the book is an "elegant handling of [a] complex narrative." * A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it "a marvel of research and storytelling." * A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it "a monumental achievement." The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to Treuer's book. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs. * Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both. * The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for "In My Life," is disputed. * Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs. * They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for "In My Life," stating that the verse is "consistent with Lennon's songwriting style." The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas