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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions. * 81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time. * 81P/Wild's orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter. * The comet's orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both warm and cold conditions. * He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials he planned to use. * Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and had an emissivity of 0.02. * He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat and had an emissivity of 0.74. * The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of heat it emits. The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate from a single spot in the sky. * This spot is called the meteor shower's radiant. * The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in July and August. * Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its radiant. * Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus. The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower's name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea. * They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the Americas. * Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose. * The researchers think that "a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources" such as seaweeds, fish, and birds. * This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis. The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651). * The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles. * This area included present-day Iran and Iraq. * The empire's capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon. * Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq. The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world market. * Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms. * At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon. * At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan. * According to Tsing, "Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear." The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long. * An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2 miles. * The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New Zealand. * The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany. The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * When medical students mention their patients on social media, they may violate patient confidentiality. * Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have student policies that mention social media use. * Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites, examining publicly available student policies. * Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention social media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable social media use. The student wants to emphasize the study's methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the surface of Mars. * NASA's rovers can't explore regions inaccessible to wheeled vehicles. * Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet's surface. * Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars. * Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers. The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Establishing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is no easy task. Each month, readings of a single second from atomic clocks around the world are taken and sent to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in France. _________ BIPM metrologists perform the meticulous work of assembling these minutely disparate readings into a globally shared time standard. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it. * In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants. * Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen. * The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals. * One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet's upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature. The student wants to present the study's findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity--the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents--in language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned. ________, the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than that between acquisition and another factor studied: sign frequency. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn't reject traditional forms entirely; ________ her poem "Elegy for a Woman of No Importance" consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this superficially traditional work, Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman rather than a famous man. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations. * Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see. * Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability to see. * Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory receptors on one side than the other. * These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness. The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the country, their dream remains unrealized. In fact, of the handful of maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century. * Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions. * Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist. * She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003. * Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist. * She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003. The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen's and Rodrigues's work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Shaun Tan is an Australian author. * In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen short stories. * The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary suburban neighborhoods. * In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-five short stories. * The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary urban settings. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Wool is a natural--and economically important--fiber that is obtained from animals like sheep. * Australia is a leading producer of wool. * The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds. * Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel. * Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel. * Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and blankets. The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino and Rambouillet wool. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi. * Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997. * She described trees as "super-cooperators." * In the 2022 study "The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?," mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies. * They write that CMNs "have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence." The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? * Describing trees as "super-cooperators," Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources with one another in 1997. * In "The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?," Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks "have captured the interest of broad audiences." * After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims about common mycorrhizal networks are "disconnected from evidence." * Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study "The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?," the wood-wide web theory remains popular.

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Gaspar Enriquez is an artist. * He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans. * A portrait is an artistic representation of a person. * Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003. * He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). * The wok's round, wide base helps to cook food evenly. * The wok's high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters. * Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian. * Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok. The student wants to describe the wok's shape. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Roughly 96% of Australia's estimated 200,000 animal species are invertebrates. * Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants, are estimated to total 14,800 species in Australia. * Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and weevils, are estimated to total 28,200 species in Australia. * Some of these invertebrates' populations are threatened by invasive bird and fish species. The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia's invertebrate animals are classified. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system for immigrants. * The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year was based on how many people from that country lived in the US in 1890. * This system favored immigrants from northern Europe. * Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany. * The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota system. The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In his 1925 book _________ The Morphology of Landscape, US geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how natural landscapes influence human cultures. Sauer argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development by virtue of their interactions with the environment. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia. * The city's population is 907,802. * Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia's population. * Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. * The city's population is 7,781,631. * Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam's population. The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals' populations. Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals' populations?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas