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A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly's abdomen to produce a glow. _______, when the firefly stops drawing in oxygen, the reaction--and the glow--cease. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands. * Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is related to changes in climate. * Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated. * Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals. * Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal? * Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to changes in climate. * Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion. * Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with dry intervals. * Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past, indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse. * A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy. * Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas. * A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy. * A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase. The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Cambodia's Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu. * It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century. * Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a photograph. * Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat's plaster walls. * Tan's analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers. The student wants to present Tan's research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy in the form of light. * Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced. * Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of matter. * The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing synchrotron light was built in 1968. * It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built to provide synchrotron light. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the wind. * In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds. * Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or deposits material. * A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than the base. * A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base and the top at different rates. The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian landforms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of those who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ________ the debate was ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic young senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard Nixon, among those watching on the new medium of television. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their fishy smell but also protects them from crushing hydrostatic pressure in deep waters. Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the bonds between water molecules in a fish's body. ________ these water molecules maintain their linked structure at extreme depths, thus preventing pressure-related damage. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In 1978, Sami activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway. * The dam would disrupt Sami fishing and reindeer herding. * The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact. * It brought international attention to the issue of Sami rights. * It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sami rights to lands, waters, and resources. The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition. * C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon. * They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids. * S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals. * They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids. The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland's more than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved--nearly 3,000 km--mark Iceland's volcanoes as extreme outliers; ________ many of Earth's volcanoes are fed by shallow pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the surface. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Cecilia Vicu\(\hat{\text{n}}\) is a multidisciplinary artist. * In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile. * Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press. * Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press. * She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York. The student wants to introduce the artist's 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer, the term "monopsony" can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. ______ in a product monopsony, the single buyer can force sellers to lower their prices. in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to accept lower wages. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic visual experience than computer-generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the "real thing" can be prohibitively expensive. ________, many filmmakers use a blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible and CGI elements as necessary to control costs. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Nissologists are scientists who study islands. * Some insisologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water. * Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands. * Other insisologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having at least 50 permanent residents. * Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands. The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists' definition of an island. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture in Europe. * Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to design buildings for Duke University's new campus. * Most of the buildings on Duke's campus were designed in the Gregorian or neo-Gothic architectural styles. * At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the buildings. * Based on the buildings' architectural styles, historians believe Abele designed most of the campus buildings. The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most of Duke's campus buildings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain's olfactory system. * They devised a study using mathematical models. * They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another. * In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at a given moment. * In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time. The student wants to summarize the study's findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

When, in the 1800s, geologists first realized that much of Earth had once been covered by great sheets of ice, some theorized that the phenomenon was cyclical, occurring at regular intervals. Each Ice Age is so destructive, though, that it largely erases the geological evidence of its predecessor. ________, geologists were unable to confirm the theory of cyclical Ice Ages until the 1960s. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

"Tulip mania"--the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam--is often cited as an example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However, recent research has demonstrated that the episode was neither as frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. ________, the popular myth surrounding it should be regarded with some skepticism. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation to preserve the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa. * Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland. * Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans. * The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals. * Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the scans. * The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the earliest examples of writing in East Africa. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Claude McKay (1889-1948) was a Jamaican American writer. * Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Costab Ballads (1912) are two acclaimed poetry collections that McKay published while living in Jamaica. * McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914. * He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s. * His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928). The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay's accomplishments before moving to Harlem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance of six Native nations in the northeastern US. * The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. * Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US Constitution. * This theory is called the influence theory. * Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Earth's auroras--colorful displays of light seen above the northern and southern poles--result, broadly speaking, from the Sun's activity. ________ the Sun releases charged particles that are captured by Earth's magnetic field and channeled toward the poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere, causing the atoms to emit auroral light. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera companies have been European men, but a new, more diverse generation of artists is stepping up to the podium. Mexico's Alondra de la Parra took over as conductor _______ ________ for the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in 2017, and Colombia's Lina Gonzalez-Granados did the same for the Los Angeles Opera in 2022. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas