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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Just like states have state flags, some cities have city flags. * Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags since 2015. * The city of Pocatello, Idaho, redesigned its flag after it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America. * Pocatello's new flag better represents the city's mountainous geography and civic priorities. * Residents consider the new flag to be a meaningful symbol of civic pride. The student wants to make and support a generalization about the effect of redesigning a city flag. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization period begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or hear. Domesticated dogs, can see, hear, and smell by the end of two weeks. This relative lack of sensory input may help explain why wolves behave so differently around humans than dogs do: from a very young age, wolves are more wary and less exploratory. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

"Wishcycling"--putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the mistaken belief that those items can be recycled--ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items, such as greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate recyclable materials, rendering entire batches unusable. ______, nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants" machinery. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single heavier atom, releasing energy. Scientists have long believed _______ fusion has the potential to meet humanity's clean energy needs. \(\underline{\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0.8em}}}\) Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Riley Black--the author of critically acclaimed books such as My Beloved Brontosaurus (2013)--is best known for writing about dinosaurs, but she has also conducted hands-on fieldwork. ________ her fieldwork has included paleontological digs in Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and her dinosaur fossil discoveries can be seen at places such as the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the ocean's uptake of carbon from the atmosphere. When alive, these tiny marine organisms absorb atmospheric carbon via photosynthesis. _______ after they die, the phytoplankton sink to the seafloor, where the carbon in their cells gets stored in sediment, preventing it from cycling back into the atmosphere. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully twirling her long, flowing skirt to create striking visual effects. _______, cinema pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumiere made a groundbreaking short film of Fuller's dance. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Some sandstone arches in Utah's Arches National Park have been defaced by tourists' carvings. * Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders. * For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it can greatly alter or damage the rock. * Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent. * This technique is minimally invasive. The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Las sergas de Esplandian was a novel popular in sixteenth-century Spain. * The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black women and known as California. * That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an "island" off the west coast of Mexico. * They called it California after the island in the novel. * The "island" was actually the peninsula now known as Baja California ("Lower California"), which lies to the south of the US state of California. The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the naming of a place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs' Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shutdown suddenly after ignition. ________, instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs' CEO publicly acknowledged what happened and apologized for the loss of the rocket's payload, which had consisted of two satellites. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature. * Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom. * Many readers have singled out Gurnah's 1994 book Paradise for praise. * Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa. The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based spelling competition. * The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins. * In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word "guerdon." * "Guerdon" derives from the Anglo-French word "guerdon." * In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word "Laodicean." * "Laodicean" derives from the ancient Greek word "Laodikeia." The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two words. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were grown in the US. * The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the range of commercially grown crops. * Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for commercial growth were lost. * Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90% of apples purchased in the US. * The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find and grow lost apple varieties. The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in the US and specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals? * The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-1900s. * While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late 1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold today. * Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth. * As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the number of crops selected for cultivation decreased dramatically.

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New England Conservatory. * She has won multiple national flute competitions. * She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over two million times. * The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an original work by composer Greg Pattillo. * Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video. The student wants to emphasize Wu's most well-known achievement. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Most, but not all, of the Moon's oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind. * Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth. * In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya. * Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon. * Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon. The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Gravitational waves are powerful ripples that originate in deep space and eventually pass through Earth. * The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a physics study that began in 2002. * LIGO's goal is to detect and analyze gravitational waves. * LIGO uses a pair of massive gravitational wave detectors called interferometers that are thousands of miles apart. * In 2015, for the first time in history, LIGO researchers detected a gravitational wave passing through Earth. The student wants to present LIGO's aim and methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

Adam Smith observed that the construction of scientifically valid theories the general course of development in human societies is one of the ambitions at what is sometimes called Grand Theory. _____the definition of Grand Theory is notoriously vague and riddled with exceptions, some sociologists argue that this aspiration is more aspirational than achievable. Which choice best completes the text and helps to introduce the point made in the second sentence?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Biduminescence is the emission of light by living organisms. * This light is produced by chemical reactions in organisms' cells. * Jellyfish emit flashes of blue light. * This behavior serves to startle predators. * Black dragonfish emit a steady red light. * This behavior helps them locate prey in deep waters. The student wants to emphasize a difference between the behavior of jellyfish and that of black dragonfish. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary Tape became a hero of the Asian American civil rights movement. In January of that year, she won an antidiscrimination case in the California Supreme Court. _______, she wrote an open letter criticizing her local board of education for discrimination. Both actions are remembered today as historic stands against racism. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Seven species of sea turtle exist today. * Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean. * One of those species is the Kemp's ridley sea turtle. * Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii. * Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle. * Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea. The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle species. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author. * The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels. * Selvon published the novel in 1956. * It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain after World War II. * Some of The Lonely Londoners_' characters also appear in Selvon's later novel Moses Ascending. The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely Londoners to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. * She was born in Coyoacan, Mexico, in 1907. * She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits. * The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting together. * One version wears a European-style dress and the other a traditional Tehuana dress. The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the artist. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars. * It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient Greece. * Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars. * Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now appear as one. The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades' appearance changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She was studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France's modernist masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter. _______ Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India; only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: * Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter. * He uses the term "flauna" to describe the plant-animal hybrids that he depicts in his surreal paintings. * "Flauna" is a combination of the words "flora" and "fauna." * His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers. * His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts flowers. The student wants to provide an explanation and example of "flauna." Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Reading and WritingExpression of Ideas