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Cats can judge unseen people's positions in space by the sound of their voices and thus react with surprise when the same person calls to them from two different locations in a short span of time. Saho Takagi and colleagues reached this conclusion by measuring cats' levels of surprise based on their ear and head movements while the cats heard recordings of their owners' voices from two speakers spaced far apart. Cats exhibited a low level of surprise when owners' voices were played twice from the same speaker, but they showed a high level of surprise when the voice was played once each from the two different speakers. According to the text, how did the researchers determine the level of surprise displayed by the cats in the study?

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Scientists have long believed that giraffes are mostly silent and communicate only visually with one another. But biologist Angela Stoger and her team analyzed hundreds of hours of recordings of giraffes in three European zoos and found that giraffes make a very low-pitched humming sound. The researchers claim that the giraffes use these sounds to communicate when it's not possible for them to signal one another visually. Which finding, if true, would most directly support Stoger and her team's claim?

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To make her art more widely available, graphic artist Elizabeth Catlett turned to linocuts. In linocut printing, an artist carves an image into a sheet of linoleum to create a stamp that is used to mass-produce prints. In the linocut series The Black Woman (1946-1947), Catlett depicts the everyday experiences of Black women alongside the achievements of well-known Black women. This pairing invites the viewer to draw connections among the women. The linocut process enabled Catlett's work to reach a wide audience and supported her aim to unite Black women through her art. According to the text, what is significant about Catlett's use of linocut printing?

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The following text is adapted from Charles W. Chesnutt's 1901 novel The Marrow of Tradition. Mrs. Ochitree was a woman of strong individuality, whose comments upon her acquaintance[s], present or absent, were marked by a frankness at times no less than startling. This characteristic caused her to be more or less avoided. Mrs. Ochitree was aware of this sentiment on the part of her acquaintance[s], and rather exulted in it. Based on the text, what is true about Mrs. Ochitree's acquaintances?

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Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a nutritionally dense food, but they are difficult to digest in part because of their high levels of soluble fiber and compounds like raffinose. They also contain antinutrients like tannins and trypsin inhibitors, which interfere with the body's ability to extract nutrients from foods. In a research article, Marisela Granito and Glenda Alvarez from Simon Bolivar University in Venezuela claim that inducing fermentation of black beans using lactic acid bacteria improves the digestibility of the beans and makes them more nutritious. Which finding from Granito and Alvarez's research, if true, would most directly support their claim?

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Mosses can struggle in harsh desert conditions because these plants require enough sunlight for photosynthesis but not so much that they risk drying out. Researchers Jenna Ekwealor and Kirsten M. Fisher found several species of Syntrichia caninervis, a type of desert moss, growing under quartz crystals in California's Mojave Desert. To evaluate whether these semitransparent rocks benefited the moss, the researchers compared the shoot tissue, a measure of plant growth, of S. caninervis when growing on the soil surface versus when the moss was growing under the quartz rocks. They found that the shoot tissue was 62% longer for moss growing under the quartz as compared to moss on the soil surface, suggesting that Which choice most logically completes the text?

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The novelist Toni Morrison was the first Black woman to work as an editor at the publishing company Random House, from 1967 to 1983. A scholar asserts that one of Morrison's likely aims during her time as an editor was to strengthen the presence of Black writers on the list of Random House's published authors. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the scholar's claim?

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"Ghosts of the Old Year" is an early 1900s poem by James Weldon Johnson. In the poem, the speaker describes experiencing an ongoing cycle of anticipation followed by regretful reflection: Which quotation from "Ghosts of the Old Year" most effectively illustrates the claim?

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Some animal-behavior studies involve observing wild animals in their natural habitat, and some involve capturing wild animals and observing them in a laboratory. Each approach has advantages over the other. In wild studies, researchers can more easily presume that the animals are behaving normally, and in lab studies, researchers can more easily control factors that might affect the results. But if, for example, the results from a wild study and a lab study of Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) contradict each other, one or both of the studies must have failed to account for some factor that was relevant to the birds' behavior. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Given that stars and planets initially form from the same gas and dust in space, some astronomers have posited that host stars (such as the Sun) and their planets (such as those in our solar system) are composed of the same materials, with the planets containing equal or smaller quantities of the materials that make up the host star. This idea is also supported by evidence that rocky planets in our solar system are composed of some of the same materials as the Sun. Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the astronomers' claim?

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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} \hline**Depth of tools found below** & **Clamshells that Neanderthals** & **Clamshells that Neanderthals** \\**surface in cave (meters)** & **collected from the beach** & **harvested from the seafloor** \\ \hline**2-3** & 7 & 0 \\ \hline**3-4** & 99 & 33 \\ \hline**4-5** & 2 & 0 \\ \hline**5-6** & 18 & 7 \\ \hline**6-7** & 1 & 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}Two kinds of clamshell tools used by Neanderthals were dug up in a cave on the western coast of Italy. Archaeologist Paola Villa and her colleagues studied the tools and determined that Neanderthals either collected clams that had washed onto the beach or harvested clams from the seafloor and then sharpened the shells to make tools. The highest number of tools made from clamshells that were collected from the beach was found at a depth ofWhich choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

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Which quotation from The Souls of Black Folk most effectively illustrates the claim?

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Biological Natacha Bodenhausen and colleagues analyzed the naturally occurring bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of wild Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant. The researchers found many of the same bacterial genera in both the plants' leaves and roots. To explain this, the researchers pointed to the general proximity of \(A\). thaliana leaves to the ground and noted that rain splashing off soil could bring soil-based bacteria into contact with the leaves. Alternatively, the researchers noted that wind, which may be a source of bacteria in the aboveground portion of plants, could also bring bacteria to the soil and roots. Either explanation suggests thatWhich choice most logically completes the text?

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\begin{tabular}{l|c|c|c} \hline**Region (Overall)** & **Provisioning (75%)** & **Regulating (21%)** & **Cultural (4%)** \\ \hline**West** & 73\% & 27\% & 0\% \\ \hline**North** & 88\% & 12\% & 0\% \\ \hline**South** & 79\% & 14\% & 7\% \\ \hline**East** & 83\% & 6\% & 11\% \\ \hline**Central** & 33\% & 67\% & 0\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa, Benis N. Egoh and colleagues reviewed government reports from those nations about how invasive species are undermining ecosystem services (aspects of the ecosystem on which residents depend). The services were sorted into three categories: provisioning (material resources from the ecosystem), regulating (natural processes such as cleaning the air or water), and cultural (nonmaterial benefits of ecosystems). Egoh and her team assert that countries in each region reported effects on provisioning services and that provisioning services represent the majority of the reported services.Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleagues' assertion?

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In the 1970s, a roughly 60,000-year-old piece of hyena bone marked with nine notches was discovered at a site in western France once inhabited by Neanderthals. Although many believe that only modern humans developed systems for notating numbers, one archaeologist asserts that this artifact may be a sign that Neanderthals also recorded numerical information. The notches on the bone are unevenly spaced but approximately parallel, and microscopic analysis reveals that they were made with a single stone tool; according to the archaeologist, this suggests that the notches were all made at one time by one individual as a means of counting something. Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?

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_Hedda Gabler is an 1890 play by Henrik Ibsen. As a woman in the Victorian era, Hedda, the play's central character, is unable to freely determine her own future. Instead, she seeks to influence another person's fate, as is evident when she says to another character, . Which quotation from a translation of Hedda Gabler most effectively illustrates the claim?

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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & **Congressional** & **Change in total** & **Change in nondefense** & **Change in defense** \\**Period** & **status** & **outdays** & **outdays** & **outdays** \\ \hline**1981-** & \multirow{2}{*}{divided} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.4\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.9\)} \\**1988** & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}**1975-** & \multirow{2}{*}{divided} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(2.7\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(3.0\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.3\)} \\**1976** & & & & \\ \hline**1977-** & \multirow{2}{*}{undivided} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.6\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.3\)} \\**1980** & & & & \\ \hline**1964-** & \multirow{2}{*}{undivided} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1.9\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1.4\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.5\)} \\**1968** & & & & \\ \hline**1969-** & \multirow{2}{*}{divided} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.8\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(2.1\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-3.9\)} \\**1974** & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}Economist Steve H. Hanke has shown that divided US Congresses--which occur when one party holds the majority in the House of Representatives and another holds the majority in the Senate--tend to accompany reductions in total federal outlays (spending) relative to gross domestic product (GDP), which Hanke interprets to reflect decreases in government size. Hanke calculated the percentage point change in total outlays (encompassing nondefense and defense outlays) for consecutive US Congresses. Hanke has pointed to his calculations as evidence that a divided Congress may be a "necessary but not sufficient condition" for a decrease in government size to occur.Which choice best describes data from the table that support the underlined claim?

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Scrapbooks of saved fabric pieces were commonly kept by women in the nineteenth-century United States, but few are as meticulously detailed as Hannah Ditzler Alspaugh's work. Alongside each piece of fabric, Alspaugh recorded intimate memories, such as dressmaking with her sister. Additionally, she listed the prices and how she used the fabric. Historians note that by representing fifty years of changing textures, patterns, and dress styles, the scrapbook is a record of nineteenth-century textiles and dressmaking as well as Alspaugh's life. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|} \hline & & & **Proposed origin in vocabulary of** \\**Language** & & **English** & **the Totozoquean language** \\**family** & **Word (language)** & **translation** & **family** \\ \hline & tanchi\({}^{\prime}\) (Chickasaw); tanchi & & \\ Muskogean & (Choctaw); vce (Muscogee, & corn & no \\ & pronounced "uh-chi") & & \\ \hline**Iroquoian** & se-lu (Cherokee) & corn & no \\ \hline**Caddoan** & -k'as- (Caddo) & dried corn & yes \\ \hline**Chitimacha** & k'asma (Chitimacha) & corn & yes \\ \hline \end{tabular}In Caddo, a language from what is now the US Southeast, vocabulary pertaining to corn cultivation resembles equivalent vocabulary in the Totozoquean language family in Mexico. This resemblance is perhaps attributable to cultural contact: such words could have entered Caddo through the intermediary of the neighboring but unrelated Chitimacha language, concurrent with the dissemination of corn itself from Mexico into the Southeast after 700 CE. That the vocabulary pertaining to domestic crops accompanies them as they diffuse into new regions is an established phenomenon globally. Crops may also be decoupled from vocabulary altogether: corn cultivation became ubiquitous among the Southeastern tribes, yetWhich choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

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Ana Castillo's 1986 novel The Mixquiahuela Letters is a story told entirely through expressive letters from the narrator to her friend--letters that Castillo suggests could be read in several different orders. As they began reading it in class, some students remarked that they found the novel's letter format daunting and its treatment of gender relations old-fashioned. The professor, however, pointed out that the novel is written in modern-sounding language and addresses issues that still matter today, suggesting that The Mixquiahuela Letters_Which choice most logically completes the text?

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The following text is adapted from Lewis Carroll's 1889 satirical novel Sylvie and Bruno. A crowd has gathered outside a room belonging to the Warden, an official who reports to the Lord Chancellor. One man, who was more excited than the rest, flung his hat high into the air, and shouted (as well as I could make out) "Who roar for the Sub-Warden?" Everybody roared, but whether it was for the Sub-Warden, or not, did not clearly appear: some were shouting "Bread!" and some "Taxes!", but no one seemed to know what it was they really wanted. All this I saw from the open window of the Warden's breakfast-saloon, looking across the shoulder of the Lord Chancellor. "What can it all mean?" he kept repeating to himself. "I never heard such shouting before--and at this time of the morning, too! And with such unanimity!" Based on the text, how does the Lord Chancellor respond to the crowd?

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During the Bourbon Restoration in France (1814-1830), the right to vote required in part that a person paid at least 300 francs in direct taxes to the government. The four most common taxes (the quatre viiilles) were levied on real estate (both land and buildings); the doors and windows in taxpayer homes; the rental values of homes; and the businesses of artisans and merchants. (Foreign investments were either exempt from taxation or taxed lightly.) Although relatively few people paid the tax on real estate, it was the main means of voter qualification and accounted for over two-thirds of government receipts during this period, suggesting that during the Bourbon Restoration Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Psychologists wanted to test how young children think about rewards and fairness. In an experiment, two teachers handed out rewards while children (ages four to six) watched. The teachers gave out the same number of rewards, but one of them counted the rewards out loud. The children were then asked who was fairer. 73% chose the teacher who counted. The psychologists think that counting showed the children that the teacher wanted to be fair. The children may have believed that the teacher who did not count did not care about fairness. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Several artworks found among the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Pompeil depict a female figure fishing with a cupid nearby. Some scholars have asserted that the figure is the goddess Venus, since she is known to have been linked with cupids in Roman culture, but University of Leicester archaeologist Carla Brain suggests that cupids may have also been associated with fishing generally. The fact that a cupid is shown near the female figure, therefore, Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Microplastics are pieces of plastic that are smaller than a grain of rice. These small plastics can be found in large quantities in ocean waters. Ecologist Jessica Reichert and her team are studying the role reef-building corals have in capturing microplastics from ocean waters. Through research, her team has found that these corals may be storing up to 20 million kilograms of microplastics each year in their skeletons and tissues. Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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