Investigating whether shared false visual memories--specific but inaccurate and widely held recollections of images such as product logos--are caused by people's previous ________ incorrect renditions of the images, researchers Deepasri Prasad and Wilma Bainbridge found that, in fact, such memories are often not explained by familiarity with erroneous versions of the images.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?